B: Biology: Sustainable Ecosystems

B.1: assess the impact of human activities on the sustainability of terrestrial and/or aquatic ecosystems, and evaluate the effectiveness of courses of action intended to remedy or mitigate negative impacts;

B.1.1: assess, on the basis of research, the impact of a factor related to human activity (e.g., urban sprawl, introduction of invasive species, overhunting/overfishing) that threatens the sustainability of a terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem

Forest Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

B.1.2: evaluate the effectiveness of government initiatives in Canada (federal, provincial, municipal), and/or the efforts of societal groups or non-governmental organizations, such as Aboriginal communities, environmental groups, or student organizations, with respect to an environmental issue that affects the sustainability of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems (e.g., wetland restoration, recycling programs, Canada? Ontario Environmental Farm Plans, stewardship of national and provincial parks)

Prairie Ecosystem

B.2: investigate factors related to human activity that affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and explain how they affect the sustainability of these ecosystems;

B.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to sustainable ecosystems, including, but not limited to: bioaccumulation, biosphere, diversity, ecosystem, equilibrium, sustainability, sustainable use, protection, and watershed

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Prairie Ecosystem

B.2.2: interpret qualitative and quantitative data from undisturbed and disturbed ecosystems (terrestrial and/or aquatic), communicate the results graphically, and, extrapolating from the data, explain the importance of biodiversity for all sustainable ecosystems

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season

B.2.3: plan and conduct an investigation, involving both inquiry and research, into how a human activity affects soil composition or soil fertility (e.g., changes to soil composition resulting from the use of different compostable materials, organic or inorganic fertilizers, or pesticides), and, extrapolating from the data and information gathered, explain the impact of this activity on the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

B.2.4: plan and conduct an investigation, involving both inquiry and research, into how a human activity affects water quality (e.g., leaching of organic or inorganic fertilizers or pesticides into water systems, changes to watersheds resulting from deforestation or land development, diversion of ground water for industrial uses), and, extrapolating from the data and information gathered, explain the impact of this activity on the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems

Forest Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Water Pollution

B.2.5: analyse the effect of human activity on the populations of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by interpreting data and generating graphs (e.g., data from Statistics Canada, Parks Canada, and other websites on: the concentration in water of chemicals from fertilizer run-off and their effect on the growth of algae; stressors associated with human use of natural areas, such as trampled vegetation, wildlife mortality from motor vehicles, and the removal of plants, animals, and/or natural objects; suburban developments and their impact on the food supply for animals such as foxes and racoons)

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

B.3: demonstrate an understanding of the dynamic nature of ecosystems, particularly in terms of ecological balance and the impact of human activity on the sustainability of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

B.3.1: compare and contrast biotic and abiotic characteristics of sustainable and unsustainable terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Forest Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem

B.3.2: describe the complementary processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis with respect to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter within ecosystems (i.e., carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration and is used for photosynthesis, which produces oxygen needed for cellular respiration), and explain how human activities can disrupt the balance achieved by these processes (e.g., automobile use increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; planting more trees decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere)

Cell Energy Cycle
Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

B.3.3: describe the limiting factors of ecosystems (e.g., nutrients, space, water, energy, predators), and explain how these factors affect the carrying capacity of an ecosystem (e.g., the effect of an increase in the moose population on the wolf population in the same ecosystem)

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season

B.3.5: identify various factors related to human activity that have an impact on ecosystems (e.g., the introduction of invasive species; shoreline development; industrial emissions that result in acid rain), and explain how these factors affect the equilibrium and survival of ecosystems (e.g., invasive species push out native species and upset the equilibrium in an ecosystem; shoreline development affects the types of terrestrial and aquatic life that can live near lake shores or river banks; acid rain changes the pH of water, which affects the type of aquatic life that can survive in a lake)

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution
pH Analysis
pH Analysis: Quad Color Indicator

C: Chemistry: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

C.1: assess social, environmental, and economic impacts of the use of common elements and compounds, with reference to their physical and chemical properties;

C.1.2: assess social, environmental, and economic impacts of the use of common elements or compounds

Prairie Ecosystem

C.2: investigate, through inquiry, the physical and chemical properties of common elements and compounds;

C.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to atoms, elements, and compounds, including, but not limited to: boiling point, mixtures, particle theory, pure substances, and viscosity

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Phase Changes
Temperature and Particle Motion

C.2.2: conduct an inquiry to identify the physical and chemical properties of common elements and compounds (e.g., magnesium sulfate, water, carbon, copper II)

Mystery Powder Analysis

C.2.3: plan and conduct an inquiry into the properties of common substances found in the laboratory or used in everyday life (e.g., starch, table salt, wax, toothpaste), and distinguish the substances by their physical and chemical properties (e.g., physical properties: hardness, conductivity, colour, melting point, solubility, density; chemical properties: combustibility, reaction with water)

Mineral Identification
Mystery Powder Analysis

C.2.5: construct molecular models to represent simple molecules (e.g., O2, CO2, H2O, NH3, CH4)

Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds

C.3: demonstrate an understanding of the properties of common elements and compounds, and of the organization of elements in the periodic table.

C.3.1: explain how different atomic models evolved as a result of experimental evidence (e.g., how the Thomson model of the atom changed as a result of the Rutherford gold-foil experiment)

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Element Builder

C.3.2: describe the characteristics of neutrons, protons, and electrons, including charge, location, and relative mass

Charge Launcher
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

C.3.4: describe the characteristic physical and chemical properties of common elements and compounds (e.g., aluminum is a good conductor of heat; copper reacts to moist air by developing a greenish surface of copper carbonate; sodium carbonate is a white, odourless powder that dissolves in water; water has unique physical properties that allow it to support life)

Mystery Powder Analysis

C.3.5: describe patterns in the arrangements of electrons in the first 20 elements of the periodic table, using the Bohr-Rutherford model

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds

C.3.6: explain the relationship between the atomic structure of an element and the position of that element in the periodic table

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds
Nuclear Decay

C.3.7: compare and contrast the physical properties of elements within a group (e.g., alkali metals) and between groups (e.g., the carbon group and noble gases) in the periodic table

Electron Configuration
Element Builder

C.3.8: identify and use the symbols for common elements (e.g., C, Cl, S, N) and the formulae for common compounds (e.g., H2O, CO2, NaCl, O2)

Cell Energy Cycle
Chemical Equation Balancing
Nuclear Decay

D: Earth and Space Science: The Study of the Universe

Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Solar System Explorer

D.1: assess some of the costs, hazards, and benefits of space exploration and the contributions of Canadians to space research and technology;

D.1.1: assess, on the basis of research, and report on the contributions of Canadian governments, organizations, businesses, and/or individuals to space technology, research, and/or exploration (e.g., as part of the International Space Station mission; in the fields of telecommunications and satellite technology)

Solar System Explorer

D.2: investigate the characteristics and properties of a variety of celestial objects visible from Earth in the night sky;

D.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to the study of the universe, including, but not limited to: celestial objects, orbital radius, retrograde motion, and satellite

Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Solar System Explorer

D.2.4: gather and record data, using an inquiry or research process, on the properties of specific celestial objects within the solar system (e.g., the composition of their atmosphere, if any; the composition of their surface; the strength of their gravitational pull)

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

D.2.5: compare and contrast properties of celestial objects visible in the night sky, drawing on information gathered through research and using an appropriate format (e.g., compare the size of planets; represent the distance of stars from Earth using scientific notation; compare star temperatures and colour)

H-R Diagram
Star Spectra

D.3: demonstrate an understanding of the major scientific theories about the structure, formation, and evolution of the universe and its components and of the evidence that supports these theories.

D.3.3: describe the major components of the solar system and the universe (e.g., planets, stars, galaxies), using appropriate scientific terminology and units (e.g., astronomical units, scientific notation, light years)

H-R Diagram
Solar System Explorer

D.3.4: describe the sun?s composition and energy source, and explain how its energy warms Earth and supports life on the planet (e.g., with reference to the types of radiation the sun emits and the interaction of the sun?s energy with Earth?s atmosphere)

Energy Conversions
Seasons Around the World

D.3.5: explain the causes of astronomical phenomena (e.g., the aurora borealis, solar eclipses, phases of the moon, comets) and how various phenomena can best be observed from Earth (e.g., solar eclipses should be viewed through a suitable solar filter or by projection, not with the naked eye)

2D Eclipse
3D Eclipse
Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases

E: Physics: The Characteristics of Electricity

E.1: assess some of the costs and benefits associated with the production of electrical energy from renewable and non-renewable sources, and analyse how electrical efficiencies and savings can be achieved, through both the design of technological devices and practices in the home;

E.1.2: assess some of the social, economic, and environmental implications of the production of electrical energy in Canada from renewable and non-renewable sources (e.g., wind, solar, hydro, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear)

Advanced Circuits
Energy Conversions
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

E.1.3: produce a plan of action to reduce electrical energy consumption at home (e.g., using EnerGuide information when purchasing appliances), and outline the roles and responsibilities of various groups (e.g., government, business, family members) in this endeavour

Advanced Circuits
Energy Conversions
Household Energy Usage

E.2: investigate, through inquiry, various aspects of electricity, including the properties of static and current electricity, and the quantitative relationships between potential difference, current, and resistance in electrical circuits;

Advanced Circuits
Circuits
Household Energy Usage

E.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to electricity, including, but not limited to: ammeter, amperes, battery, current, fuse, kilowatt hours, load, ohms, potential difference, resistance, switch, voltmeter, and volts

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.2.3: predict the ability of different materials to hold or transfer electric charges (i.e., to act as insulators or conductors), and test their predictions through inquiry

Circuit Builder

E.2.4: plan and carry out inquiries to determine and compare the conductivity of various materials (e.g., metals, plastics, glass, water)

Circuit Builder

E.2.5: design, draw circuit diagrams of, and construct series and parallel circuits (e.g., a circuit where all light bulbs go out when one light bulb is removed; a circuit that allows one of several light bulbs to be switched on and off independently of the others), and measure electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R at various points in the circuits, using appropriate instruments and SI units

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.2.6: analyse and interpret the effects of adding an identical load in series and in parallel in a simple circuit

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.2.7: investigate the quantitative relationships between current, potential difference, and resistance in a simple series circuit

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.2.8: solve simple problems involving potential difference V, electric current I, and resistance R, using the quantitative relationship V = IR

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.2.9: determine the energy consumption of various appliances, and calculate their operating costs (e.g., using the kilowatt hour rate from a utility bill)

Household Energy Usage

E.2.10: calculate the efficiency of an energy converter, using the following equation: percent efficiency = (E out /E in) × 100%

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine

E.3: demonstrate an understanding of the principles of static and current electricity.

E.3.1: identify electrical quantities (i.e., current, potential difference, resistance, and electrical energy), and list their symbols and their corresponding SI units (e.g., electric current: I, ampere)

Advanced Circuits
Circuits
Household Energy Usage
Stoichiometry

E.3.3: compare and contrast static electricity with alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) (e.g., the charge on a charged electroscope, the charge in a functioning circuit)

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.3.4: identify the components of a simple DC circuit (e.g., electrical source, load, connecting wires, switch, fuse), and explain their functions

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.3.5: explain the characteristics of electric current, potential difference, and resistance in simple series and parallel circuits, noting how the quantities differ in the two circuits

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.3.6: describe, qualitatively, the interrelationships between resistance, potential difference, and electric current (e.g., the effect on current when potential difference is changed and resistance is constant)

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.3.7: explain what different meters (e.g., ammeters, voltmeters, multimeters) measure and how they are connected within an electrical circuit to measure electrical quantities

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

E.3.8: explain how various factors (e.g., wire length, wire material, cross-sectional area of wire) influence the resistance of an electrical circuit

Advanced Circuits
Circuits