Ontario Curriculum
A.1.1: recognize and describe how probabilities are used to represent the likelihood of a result of an experiment (e.g., spinning spinners; drawing blocks from a bag that contains different-coloured blocks; playing a game with number cubes; playing Aboriginal stick-and-stone games) and the likelihood of a real-world event (e.g., that it will rain tomorrow, that an accident will occur, that a product will be defective)
Geometric Probability - Activity A
Probability Simulations
Theoretical and Experimental Probability
A.1.3: determine the theoretical probability, P (i.e., a value from 0 to 1), of each outcome of a discrete sample space (e.g., in situations in which all outcomes are equally likely), recognize that the sum of the probabilities of the outcomes is 1 (i.e., for n outcomes, (P base 1) + (P base 2) + (P base 3) +... + (P base n) = 1), recognize that the probabilities P form the probability distribution associated with the sample space, and solve related problems
Binomial Probabilities
Probability Simulations
Theoretical and Experimental Probability
A.1.4: determine, through investigation using class-generated data and technology-based simulation models (e.g., using a random-number generator on a spreadsheet or on a graphing calculator; using dynamic statistical software to simulate repeated trials in an experiment), the tendency of experimental probability to approach theoretical probability as the number of trials in an experiment increases (e.g., "If I simulate tossing two coins 1000 times using technology, the experimental probability that I calculate for getting two tails on the two tosses is likely to be closer to the theoretical probability of ΒΌ than if I simulate tossing the coins only 10 times")
Geometric Probability - Activity A
Polling: City
Probability Simulations
Theoretical and Experimental Probability
A.1.5: recognize and describe an event as a set of outcomes and as a subset of a sample space, determine the complement of an event, determine whether two or more events are mutually exclusive or non-mutually exclusive (e.g., the events of getting an even number or getting an odd number of heads from tossing a coin 5 times are mutually exclusive), and solve related probability problems [e.g., calculate P(~A), P(A and B), P(A or B)] using a variety of strategies (e.g., Venn diagrams, lists, formulas)
A.1.6: determine whether two events are independent or dependent and whether one event is conditional on another event, and solve related probability problems [e.g., calculate P(A and B), P(A or B), P(A given B)] using a variety of strategies (e.g., tree diagrams, lists, formulas)
Compound Independent Events
Compound Independent and Dependent Events
Permutations
Permutations and Combinations
A.2.1: recognize the use of permutations and combinations as counting techniques with advantages over other counting techniques (e.g., making a list; using a tree diagram; making a chart; drawing a Venn diagram), distinguish between situations that involve the use of permutations and those that involve the use of combinations (e.g., by considering whether or not order matters), and make connections between, and calculate, permutations and combinations
Binomial Probabilities
Permutations
Permutations and Combinations
A.2.2: solve simple problems using techniques for counting permutations and combinations, where all objects are distinct, and express the solutions using standard combinatorial notation [e.g., n!, P(n, r),(n factorial r factorial)]
Binomial Probabilities
Permutations
Permutations and Combinations
A.2.4: make connections, through investigation, between combinations (i.e., n choose r) and Pascal's triangle [e.g., between (2 factorial r factorial) and row 3 of Pascal's triangle, between (n factorial 2 factorial) and diagonal 3 of Pascal's triangle]
Binomial Probabilities
Permutations and Combinations
A.2.5: solve probability problems using counting principles for situations involving equally likely outcomes
B.1.1: recognize and identify a discrete random variable X (i.e., a variable that assumes a unique value for each outcome of a discrete sample space, such as the value x for the outcome of getting x heads in 10 tosses of a coin), generate a probability distribution [i.e., a function that maps each value x of a random variable X to a corresponding probability, P(X= x)] by calculating the probabilities associated with all values of a random variable, with and without technology, and represent a probability distribution numerically using a table
B.1.2: calculate the expected value for a given probability distribution [i.e., using E(X)= Sigma xP(X= x)], interpret the expected value in applications, and make connections between the expected value and the weighted mean of the values of the discrete random variable
Line Plots
Mean, Median and Mode
Polling: City
B.1.3: represent a probability distribution graphically using a probability histogram (i.e., a histogram on which each rectangle has a base of width 1, centred on the value of the discrete random variable, and a height equal to the probability associated with the value of the random variable), and make connections between the frequency histogram and the probability histogram (e.g., by comparing their shapes)
Histograms
Populations and Samples
B.1.4: recognize conditions (e.g., independent trials) that give rise to a random variable that follows a binomial probability distribution, calculate the probability associated with each value of the random variable, represent the distribution numerically using a table and graphically using a probability histogram, and make connections to the algebraic representation P(X=x)= (n factorial x factorial)(p to the x power)((1 - p) to the (n - x) power)
Binomial Probabilities
Compound Independent Events
Compound Independent and Dependent Events
Histograms
B.1.5: recognize conditions (e.g., dependent trials) that give rise to a random variable that follows a hypergeometric probability distribution, calculate the probability associated with each value of the random variable (e.g., by using a tree diagram; by using combinations), and represent the distribution numerically using a table and graphically using a probability histogram
Compound Independent and Dependent Events
Histograms
Permutations
Permutations and Combinations
Populations and Samples
B.1.7: solve problems involving probability distributions (e.g., uniform, binomial, hypergeometric), including problems arising from real-world applications
B.2.2: recognize standard deviation as a measure of the spread of a distribution, and determine, with and without technology, the mean and standard deviation of a sample of values of a continuous random variable
B.2.3: describe challenges associated with determining a continuous frequency distribution (e.g., the inability to capture all values of the variable, resulting in a need to sample; uncertainties in measured values of the variable), and recognize the need for mathematical models to represent continuous frequency distributions
B.2.4: represent, using intervals, a sample of values of a continuous random variable numerically using a frequency table and graphically using a frequency histogram and a frequency polygon, recognize that the frequency polygon approximates the frequency distribution, and determine, through investigation using technology (e.g., dynamic statistical software, graphing calculator), and compare the effectiveness of the frequency polygon as an approximation of the frequency distribution for different sizes of the intervals
Histograms
Polling: Neighborhood
Populations and Samples
B.2.5: recognize that theoretical probability for a continuous random variable is determined over a range of values (e.g., the probability that the life of a lightbulb is between 90 hours and 115 hours), that the probability that a continuous random variable takes any single value is zero, and that the probabilities of ranges of values form the probability distribution associated with the random variable
Probability Simulations
Theoretical and Experimental Probability
B.2.6: recognize that the normal distribution is commonly used to model the frequency and probability distributions of continuous random variables, describe some properties of the normal distribution (e.g., the curve has a central peak; the curve is symmetric about the mean; the mean and median are equal; approximately 68% of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean and approximately 95% of the data values are within two standard deviations of the mean), and recognize and describe situations that can be modelled using the normal distribution (e.g., birth weights of males or of females, household incomes in a neighbourhood, baseball batting averages)
C.1.3: distinguish different types of statistical data (i.e., discrete from continuous, qualitative from quantitative, categorical from numerical, nominal from ordinal, primary from secondary, experimental from observational, microdata from aggregate data) and give examples (e.g., distinguish experimental data used to compare the effectiveness of medical treatments from observational data used to examine the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes or between ethnicity and type 2 diabetes)
C.2.1: determine and describe principles of primary data collection (e.g., the need for randomization, replication, and control in experimental studies; the need for randomization in sample surveys) and criteria that should be considered in order to collect reliable primary data (e.g., the appropriateness of survey questions; potential sources of bias; sample size)
C.2.2: explain the distinction between the terms population and sample, describe the characteristics of a good sample, explain why sampling is necessary (e.g., time, cost, or physical constraints), and describe and compare some sampling techniques (e.g., simple random, systematic, stratified, convenience, voluntary)
C.2.3: describe how the use of random samples with a bias (e.g., response bias, measurement bias, non-response bias, sampling bias) or the use of non-random samples can affect the results of a study
D.1.1: recognize that the analysis of one-variable data involves the frequencies associated with one attribute, and determine, using technology, the relevant numerical summaries (i.e., mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation)
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Describing Data Using Statistics
Line Plots
D.2.2: determine the positions of individual data points within a one-variable data set using quartiles, percentiles, and z-scores, use the normal distribution to model suitable onevariable data sets, and recognize these processes as strategies for one-variable data analysis
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Correlation
Solving Using Trend Lines
D.1.3: generate, using technology, the relevant graphical summaries of one-variable data (e.g., circle graphs, bar graphs, histograms, stem-and-leaf plots, boxplots) based on the type of data provided (e.g., categorical, ordinal, quantitative)
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Histograms
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
D.1.5: interpret statistical summaries (e.g., graphical, numerical) to describe the characteristics of a one-variable data set and to compare two related one-variable data sets (e.g., compare the lengths of different species of trout; compare annual incomes in Canada and in a third-world country; compare Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal incomes); describe how statistical summaries (e.g., graphs, measures of central tendency) can be used to misrepresent one-variable data; and make inferences, and make and justify conclusions, from statistical summaries of one-variable data orally and in writing, using convincing arguments
D.2.1: recognize that the analysis of two-variable data involves the relationship between two attributes, recognize the correlation coefficient as a measure of the fit of the data to a linear model, and determine, using technology, the relevant numerical summaries (e.g., summary tables such as contingency tables; correlation coefficients)
Correlation
Solving Using Trend Lines
D.2.3: generate, using technology, the relevant graphical summaries of two-variable data (e.g., scatter plots, side-by-side boxplots) based on the type of data provided (e.g., categorical, ordinal, quantitative)
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Scatter Plots - Activity A
D.3.2: assess the validity of conclusions presented in the media by examining sources of data, including Internet sources (i.e., to determine whether they are authoritative, reliable, unbiased, and current), methods of data collection, and possible sources of bias (e.g., sampling bias, non-response bias, cultural bias in a survey question), and by questioning the analysis of the data (e.g., whether there is any indication of the sample size in the analysis) and conclusions drawn from the data (e.g., whether any assumptions are made about cause and effect)
E.1.1: pose a significant problem of interest that requires the organization and analysis of a suitable set of primary or secondary quantitative data (e.g., primary data collected from a student-designed game of chance, secondary data from a reliable source such as E-STAT), and conduct appropriate background research related to the topic being studied
E.1.2: design a plan to study the problem (e.g., identify the variables and the population; develop an ethical survey; establish the procedures for gathering, summarizing, and analysing the primary or secondary data; consider the sample size and possible sources of bias)
Correlation last revised: 8/18/2015