8.NS: The Number System

8.NS.A: Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.

8.NS.A.1: Know that numbers that are not rational are called irrational. Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers show that the decimal expansion repeats eventually or terminates, and convert a decimal expansion which repeats eventually or terminates into a rational number.

Part-to-part and Part-to-whole Ratios
Percents, Fractions, and Decimals

8.NS.A.2: Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers locating them approximately on a number line diagram. Estimate the value of irrational expressions such as pi².

Circumference and Area of Circles
Rational Numbers, Opposites, and Absolute Values
Square Roots

8.EE: Expressions and Equations

8.EE.A: Work with radicals and integer exponents.

8.EE.A.1: Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Dividing Exponential Expressions
Exponents and Power Rules
Multiplying Exponential Expressions
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions II

8.EE.A.2: Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x² = p and x³ = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that the square root of 2 is irrational.

Operations with Radical Expressions
Simplifying Radical Expressions

8.EE.A.3: Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities and to express how many times as much one is than the other.

Unit Conversions
Unit Conversions 2 - Scientific Notation and Significant Digits

8.EE.A.4: Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities (e.g., use millimeters per year for seafloor spreading). Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology.

Unit Conversions
Unit Conversions 2 - Scientific Notation and Significant Digits

8.EE.B: Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

8.EE.B.5: Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Direct and Inverse Variation
Point-Slope Form of a Line
Standard Form of a Line

8.EE.B.6: Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane; know and derive the equation y = mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx + b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b.

Compound Interest
Direct and Inverse Variation
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Point-Slope Form of a Line
Points, Lines, and Equations
Slope
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Standard Form of a Line

8.EE.C: Analyze and solve linear equations and systems of two linear equations.

8.EE.C.7: Solve linear equations in one variable.

Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Compound Inequalities
Exploring Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Modeling One-Step Equations
Modeling and Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Algebraic Equations I
Solving Algebraic Equations II
Solving Equations by Graphing Each Side
Solving Equations on the Number Line
Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Solving Two-Step Equations
Systems of Linear Inequalities (Slope-intercept form)

8.EE.C.7.a: Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form x = a, a = a, or a = b results (where a and b are different numbers).

Modeling One-Step Equations
Modeling and Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Algebraic Equations II
Solving Equations on the Number Line
Solving Two-Step Equations

8.EE.C.7.b: Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and collecting like terms.

Modeling and Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Algebraic Equations II
Solving Equations by Graphing Each Side

8.EE.C.8: Analyze and solve systems of two linear equations.

8.EE.C.8.a: Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously.

Solving Equations by Graphing Each Side
Solving Linear Systems (Matrices and Special Solutions)
Solving Linear Systems (Slope-Intercept Form)
Solving Linear Systems (Standard Form)

8.EE.C.8.b: Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection.

Solving Equations by Graphing Each Side
Solving Linear Systems (Matrices and Special Solutions)
Solving Linear Systems (Slope-Intercept Form)
Solving Linear Systems (Standard Form)

8.EE.C.8.c: Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.

Solving Equations by Graphing Each Side
Solving Linear Systems (Matrices and Special Solutions)
Solving Linear Systems (Slope-Intercept Form)
Solving Linear Systems (Standard Form)

8.F: Functions

8.F.A: Define, evaluate, and compare functions.

8.F.A.1: Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output. (Function notation is not required in 8th grade.)

Absolute Value with Linear Functions
Exponential Functions
Function Machines 1 (Functions and Tables)
Function Machines 2 (Functions, Tables, and Graphs)
Function Machines 3 (Functions and Problem Solving)
Introduction to Exponential Functions
Introduction to Functions
Linear Functions
Point-Slope Form of a Line
Points, Lines, and Equations
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form
Radical Functions
Slope
Standard Form of a Line

8.F.A.2: Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Function Machines 1 (Functions and Tables)
Function Machines 2 (Functions, Tables, and Graphs)
Function Machines 3 (Functions and Problem Solving)
General Form of a Rational Function
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Introduction to Functions
Linear Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Points, Lines, and Equations
Quadratics in Polynomial Form
Quadratics in Vertex Form
Radical Functions
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line

8.F.A.3: Know and interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear.

Absolute Value with Linear Functions
Linear Functions
Point-Slope Form of a Line
Points, Lines, and Equations
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Standard Form of a Line

8.F.B: Use functions to model relationships between quantities.

8.F.B.4: Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models and in terms of its graph or a table of values.

Arithmetic Sequences
Compound Interest
Function Machines 1 (Functions and Tables)
Function Machines 2 (Functions, Tables, and Graphs)
Function Machines 3 (Functions and Problem Solving)
Linear Functions
Points, Lines, and Equations
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Translating and Scaling Functions

8.F.B.5: Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.

Arithmetic Sequences
Function Machines 3 (Functions and Problem Solving)
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Linear Functions
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Translating and Scaling Functions

8.G: Geometry

8.G.A: Understand and describe the effects of transformations on two-dimensional figures and use informal arguments to establish facts about angles.

8.G.A.1: Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations:

8.G.A.1.a: Lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length.

Circles
Reflections
Rock Art (Transformations)
Rotations, Reflections, and Translations
Similar Figures
Translations

8.G.A.1.b: Angles are taken to angles of the same measure.

Reflections
Rotations, Reflections, and Translations
Similar Figures
Translations

8.G.A.1.c: Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.

Reflections
Rotations, Reflections, and Translations
Similar Figures

8.G.A.2: Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Dilations
Rock Art (Transformations)
Rotations, Reflections, and Translations
Translations

8.G.A.3: Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles.

Congruence in Right Triangles
Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Polygon Angle Sum
Proving Triangles Congruent
Similar Figures
Similarity in Right Triangles
Triangle Angle Sum

8.G.B: Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem.

8.G.B.4: Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem with a Geoboard

8.G.B.5: Know and apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.

Circles
Distance Formula
Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem with a Geoboard
Surface and Lateral Areas of Pyramids and Cones

8.G.B.6: Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Circles
Distance Formula

8.G.C: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres.

8.G.C.7: Know and understand the formulas for the volumes of cones, cylinders, and spheres, and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Prisms and Cylinders
Pyramids and Cones

8.SP: Statistics and Probability

8.SP.A: Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.

8.SP.A.1: Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.

Correlation
Least-Squares Best Fit Lines
Solving Using Trend Lines
Trends in Scatter Plots

8.SP.A.2: Know that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a straight line and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.

Correlation
Least-Squares Best Fit Lines
Solving Using Trend Lines
Trends in Scatter Plots

8.SP.A.3: Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept.

Correlation

8.SP.B: Investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate probability models.

8.SP.B.4: Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation. Understand that, just as with simple events, the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs. Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists, tables, and tree diagrams. For an event described in everyday language (e.g., 'rolling double sixes'), identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event.

Independent and Dependent Events
Permutations and Combinations
Theoretical and Experimental Probability