PS20-HT: Heat

PS20-HT1: Analyze, qualitatively and quantitatively, the effect of heat on matter during temperature changes and changes of state using kinetic molecular theory.

PS20-HT1.c: Discuss how the concept of a closed system and the law of conservation of energy underlie the study of heat and heat transfer.

Air Track
Energy Conversion in a System

PS20-HT1.d: Measure the specific heat capacity of various metals using a calorimeter.

Calorimetry Lab

PS20-HT1.e: Determine the latent heat of fusion and/or latent heat of vaporization of various substances using a calorimeter.

Calorimetry Lab

PS20-HT1.f: Measure some physical properties of water, such as density at various temperatures, specific heat capacity and latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization.

Energy Conversion in a System

PS20-HT1.k: Calculate and experimentally verify the amount of heat exchanged and final temperature reached when mixing two known quantities of known substances, and suggest sources of experimental error and improvements to experimental design.

Calorimetry Lab

PS20-HT2: Determine the quantities of heat involved in chemical reactions through experimentation and calculation.

PS20-HT2.a: Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions, including those that occur in solutions.

Chemical Changes

PS20-FC: Foundations of Chemistry

PS20-FC1: Predict products of the five basic types of chemical reactions and evaluate the impact of these reactions on society and the environment.

PS20-FC1.a: Observe and analyze synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement and double-replacement (including acid base neutralization) reactions.

Titration

PS20-FC1.b: Represent synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement and double-replacement (including acid base neutralization) reactions using atomic models, other manipulatives, skeleton equations, balanced chemical equations and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations

PS20-FC1.c: Explain the importance of skeleton equations, balanced equations and IUPAC nomenclature in communicating understanding of chemical reactions.

Equilibrium and Concentration

PS20-FC2: Construct an understanding of the mole as a unit for measuring the amount of substance.

PS20-FC2.c: Provide examples to demonstrate the size of the Avogadro constant (6.02 x 10^23) in relation to common items such as coins, water drops, sand grains and marbles.

Chemical Equations

PS20-FC2.g: Calculate the molar mass of various molecular and ionic compounds.

Chemical Equations
Stoichiometry

PS20-FC3: Use stoichiometry to determine the relative amounts of substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions.

PS20-FC3.b: Determine the relative numbers of moles of each substance in a variety of chemical reactions using balanced chemical equations.

Chemical Equations

PS20-FC3.c: Relate the use of the mole to the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, and compare this to mass and volume as measurable quantities.

Chemical Equations

PS20-FC3.d: Perform stoichiometric calculations to predict the outcomes (e.g., concentration, mass, volume, number of particles and energy transferred) of chemical reactions, using the correct units and correct number of significant figures.

Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

PS20-FC3.g: Determine the limiting and excess reagents in a variety of chemical reactions through stoichiometric calculations and experimentation.

Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

PS20-FC3.h: Compare the theoretical and actual yield for a variety of chemical reactions by calculating the percent yield.

Limiting Reactants

PS20-PW: Properties of Waves

PS20-PW1: Investigate the properties and characteristics of one-, two- and three-dimensional waves in at least three different media (e.g., springs, ropes, air and water).

PS20-PW1.f: Identify characteristics of transverse and longitudinal waves including crests (positive pulse), troughs (negative pulse), compressions, rarefactions and the relationship between direction of vibration and energy transfer.

Longitudinal Waves
Ripple Tank

PS20-PW1.g: Describe the characteristics of the transmission of waves, including rectilinear propagation and the nature of the medium and its relationship to the speed of the wave.

Ripple Tank

PS20-PW2: Examine, using physical materials, ray diagrams and mathematical equations, how waves reflect from a variety of barriers.

PS20-PW2.a: Investigate the behavior of waves as they strike parallel, oblique, and curved barriers.

Ripple Tank

PS20-PW2.e: Investigate image formation in plane, concave and convex mirrors, including constructing ray diagrams.

Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PS20-PW2.f: Identify the properties, including type (real or virtual), attitude/orientation (upright or inverted), magnification (smaller, larger or same size) and position (relative to the mirror surface or vertex), of images formed in plane, concave and convex mirrors.

Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PS20-PW2.g: Apply the laws of reflection, the magnification equation (M = (h sub i)/(h sub o) = (-d sub i)/(d sub o)) and the curved mirror equation (1/f = 1/(d sub o) + 1/(d sub i)) to solve problems related to the reflection of waves.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PS20-PW3: Analyze, using physical materials, ray diagrams and mathematical equations, how waves refract at boundaries between different media.

PS20-PW3.c: Relate refraction, and the refractive index of a medium, to the change in the speed and direction of waves at a boundary between different media.

Basic Prism
Refraction
Ripple Tank

PS20-PW3.d: Investigate image formation in converging and diverging lenses, including constructing ray diagrams.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)

PS20-PW3.e: Identify the properties, including type (real or virtual), attitude/orientation (upright or inverted), magnification (smaller, larger, or same size) and position (relative to the optical center) of images formed in converging and diverging lenses.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)

PS20-PW3.f: Apply Snell’s Law ((n sub 1) sin(theta sub 1) = (n sub 2) sin(theta sub 2)) the magnification equation (M = (h sub i)/(h sub o) = (-d sub i)/(d sub o)) and the lens equation (1/f = 1/(d sub o) + 1/(d sub i)) to solve problems related to the refraction of waves.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)
Refraction