1: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

1: Investigate and analyze, based on evidence obtained through observation or experimental design, the motion of an object using both graphical and mathematical models (e.g., creating or interpreting graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration versus time graphs for one- and two-dimensional motion; solving problems using kinematic equations for the case of constant acceleration) that may include descriptors such as position, distance traveled, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs - Metric
Free-Fall Laboratory

2: Identify external forces acting on a system and apply Newton’s laws graphically by using models such as free-body diagrams to explain how the motion of an object is affected, ranging from simple to complex, and including circular motion.

Atwood Machine
Crumple Zones
Fan Cart Physics

2.a: Use mathematical computations to derive simple equations of motion for various systems using Newton’s second law.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics

2.b: Use mathematical computations to explain the nature of forces (e.g., tension, friction, normal) related to Newton’s second and third laws.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics

3: Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the relationship between the force acting on an object, the time of interaction, and the change in momentum using the impulse-momentum theorem.

2D Collisions
Air Track

4: Identify and analyze forces responsible for changes in rotational motion and develop an understanding of the effect of rotational inertia on the motion of a rotating object (e.g., merry-go-round, spinning toy, spinning figure skater, stellar collapse [supernova], rapidly spinning pulsar)

Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Torque and Moment of Inertia

2: Energy

6: Investigate collisions, both elastic and inelastic, to evaluate the effects on momentum and energy conservation.

2D Collisions
Air Track

7: Plan and carry out investigations to provide evidence that the first and second laws of thermodynamics relate work and heat transfers to the change in internal energy of a system with limits on the ability to do useful work (e.g., heat engine transforming heat at high temperature into mechanical energy and low-temperature waste heat, refrigerator absorbing heat from the cold reservoir and giving off heat to the hot reservoir with work being done).

Calorimetry Lab
Conduction and Convection
Heat Transfer by Conduction

3: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

8: Investigate the nature of wave behavior to illustrate the concept of the superposition principle responsible for wave patterns, constructive and destructive interference, and standing waves (e.g., organ pipes, tuned exhaust systems).

8.a: Predict and explore how wave behavior is applied to scientific phenomena such as the Doppler effect and Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR).

Ripple Tank

9: Obtain and evaluate information regarding technical devices to describe wave propagation of electromagnetic radiation and compare it to sound propagation. (e.g., wireless telephones, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], microwave systems, Radio Detection and Ranging [RADAR], SONAR, ultrasound).

Phased Array

11: Develop and use models to illustrate electric and magnetic fields, including how each is created (e.g., charging by either conduction or induction and polarizing; sketching field lines for situations such as point charges, a charged straight wire, or a current carrying wires such as solenoids; calculating the forces due to Coulomb’s laws), and predict the motion of charged particles in each field and the energy required to move a charge between two points in each field.

Charge Launcher
Coulomb Force (Static)
Electromagnetic Induction
Gravitational Force
Magnetic Induction
Magnetism
Pith Ball Lab
Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

12: Use the principles of Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s laws to design, construct, and analyze combination circuits using typical components (e.g., resistors, capacitors, diodes, sources of power).

Advanced Circuits
Circuits