2A: The student will develop an understanding of the structure of atoms, compounds, chemical reactions, and the interactions of energy and matter.

2A.1: The student will understand the structure of the atom.

2A.1.1: understands atoms, the fundamental organizational unit of matter, are composed of subatomic particles. Chemists are primarily interested in the protons, electrons, and neutrons found in the atom.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

2A.1.2: understands isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons. The nuclei of some atoms are radioactive isotopes that spontaneously decay, releasing radioactive energy.

Element Builder
Half-life
Nuclear Decay

2A.2: The students will understand the states and properties of matter.

2A.2.1: understands chemists use kinetic and potential energy to explain the physical and chemical properties of matter on earth that may exist in any of these three states: solids, liquids, and gases.

Air Track
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Mystery Powder Analysis
Period of a Pendulum
Potential Energy on Shelves
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

2A.2.2: understands the periodic table lists elements according to increasing atomic number. This table organizes physical and chemical trends by groups, periods, and sub-categories.

Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

2A.2.3: understands chemical bonds result when valence electrons are transferred or shared between atoms. Breaking a chemical bond requires energy. Formation of a chemical bond releases energy. Ionic compounds result from atoms transferring electrons. Molecular compounds result from atoms sharing electrons. For example, carbon atoms can bond to each other in chains, rings, and branching networks. Branched network and metallic solids also result from bonding.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds

2A.3: The student will gain a basic concept of chemical reactions.

2A.3.1: understands a chemical reaction occurs when one or more substances (reactants) react to form a different chemical substance(s) (products). There are different types of chemical reactions all of which demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

2A.3.2: understands how to perform mathematical calculations regarding the Law of Conservation of Matter, i.e., through stoichiometric relationships.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

2B: The student will develop an understanding of the structure of atoms, compounds, chemical reactions, and the interactions of energy and matter.

2B.1: The student will understand the relationships between force and motion.

2B.1.1: understands Newton's Laws and the variables of time, position, velocity, and acceleration can be used to describe the position and motion of particles.

2D Collisions
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

2B.1.2: understands physicists use conservation laws to analyze the motion of objects.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

2B.2: The student will understand the conservation of mass and energy, and the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.

2B.2.1: understands matter has energy. Mass and energy can be interchanged. The total energy in the universe is constant, but the type of energy may vary.

Period of a Pendulum

2B.2.2: understands the first law of thermodynamics states the total internal energy of a substance (the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of its constituent molecules) will change only if heat is exchanged with the environment or work is done on or by the substance. In any physical interaction, the total energy in the universe is conserved.

Calorimetry Lab
Food Chain
Nuclear Decay

2B.2.3: understands the second law of thermodynamics that states the entropy of the universe is increasing.

Energy Conversion in a System

2B.3: The student will understand the nature of the fundamental interactions of matter and energy.

2B.3.2: understands waves have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Photoelectric Effect

2B.3.3: The student understand interference - how waves interact with other waves.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

2B.3.4: The student will understand the principles of reflection and refraction.

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

2B.3.6: The student understands basic electrostatics and circuits.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

3: The student will develop an understanding of the cell, molecular basis of heredity, biological evolution, interdependence of organisms, matter, energy, and organization in living systems, and the behavior of organisms.

3.1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of the cell.

3.1.1: understands cells are composed of a variety of specialized structures that carry out specific functions.

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.1.2: understands cell functions involve specific chemical reactions.

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab

3.1.3: understands cells function and replicate as a result of information stored in DNA and RNA molecules.

Building DNA
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Virus Life Cycle (Lytic)

3.1.4: understands some plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are the sites of photosynthesis.

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

3.2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of chromosomes, genes, and the molecular basis of heredity.

3.2.1: understands living organisms contain DNA or RNA as their genetic material, which provides the instructions that specify the characteristics of organisms.

DNA Fingerprint Analysis
RNA and Protein Synthesis

3.2.2: understands organisms usually have a characteristic number of chromosomes; one pair of these may determine the sex of individuals.

Human Karyotyping

3.2.3: understands hereditary information is contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell.

Chicken Genetics
Human Karyotyping
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.2.4: understands gametes carry the genetic information to the next generation.

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.2.5: understands expressed mutations occur in DNA at very low rates.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

3.3: The student will understand biological evolution.

3.3.1: understands biological evolution, descent with modification, is a scientific explanation for the history of the diversification of organisms from common ancestors

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.3.2: understands populations of organisms adapt to environmental challenges and changes as a result of natural selection, genetic drift, and various mechanisms of genetic change.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Microevolution
Natural Selection

3.3.3: understands biological evolution is used to explain the earth's present day biodiversity: the number, variety and variability of organisms.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.3.4: understands organisms vary widely within and between populations. Variation allows for natural selection to occur.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Natural Selection

3.3.5: understands the primary mechanism acting on variation is natural selection.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection

6.: understands biological evolution is used as a broad, unifying theoretical framework for biology.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.4: The student will understand the interdependence of organisms and their interaction with the physical environment.

3.4.1: understands atoms and molecules on the earth cycle among the living and nonliving components of the biosphere.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds

3.4.2: understands energy is received, transformed and expended in ecosystems.

Food Chain
Photosynthesis Lab

3.4.3: understands the distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the carrying capacity.

Food Chain
Rabbit Population by Season

3.4.4: understands organisms cooperate and compete in complex, interdependent relationships

Interdependence of Plants and Animals

3.4.5: understands human beings live within and impact ecosystems.

Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

3.5: The student will develop an understanding of matter, energy, and organization in living systems.

3.5.2: understands the sun is the primary source of energy for life through the process of photosynthesis.

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

3.5.3: understands food molecules contain biochemical energy, which is then available for cellular respiration.

Cell Energy Cycle
Food Chain

3.5.4: understands the structure and function of an organism serve to acquire, transform, transport, release, and eliminate the matter and energy used to sustain the organism.

Osmosis
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.6: The student will understand the behavior of animals.

3.6.1: understands animals have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external stimuli.

Human Homeostasis
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.6.3: understands behaviors are often adaptive when viewed in terms of survival and reproductive success.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

3.7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of structure and function in organisms.

3.7.1: understands differences in structure and function among organisms and can identify the characteristics of relevant life forms.

Paramecium Homeostasis

3.7.2: understands that homeostasis is the dynamic regulation and balance of an organisms internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival.

Human Homeostasis
Natural Selection
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.7.5: understands taxonomy is the systematic way in which organism are placed into a hierarchical classification system, according to their physical and genetic characteristics and their evolutionary history.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

4: The student will develop an understanding of energy in the earth system, geochemical cycles, the formation and organization of the earth system, the dynamics of the earth/moon/sun system, and the organization and development of the universe.

4.1: The student will develop an understanding of the sources of energy that power the subsystems and cycles of the dynamic earth: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

4.1.1: understands constructive and destructive processes, including weathering, erosion and deposition, dynamically reshape the surface of the earth.

Rock Cycle

4.1.2: understands the theory of Plate Tectonics explains that internal energy drives the earth's ever changing structure.

Nuclear Decay
Plate Tectonics

4.1.3: The ultimate source of atmospheric and oceanic energy comes from the sun. Energy flow drives global climate and weather. Climate and weather are influenced by geographic features, cloud cover, and the earth's rotation.

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Greenhouse Effect
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

4.1.4: Understands the processes of water cycling through surface water (oceans, lakes, streams, glaciers), ground water (aquifers), and the atmosphere. (hydrological cycle)

Porosity
Water Cycle

4.3: The student will develop an understanding of dynamics of our solar system.

4.3.1: understands gravitational attraction of objects in the solar system keeps solar system objects in orbit.

Gravitational Force
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Tides

4.3.2: understands the relationship between the earth, moon, and sun explains the seasons, tides and moon phases.

Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Tides

4.3.3: understands the relative sizes and distances of objects in the solar system.

Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Solar System Explorer

4.3.4: understands the sun, earth, and other objects in the solar system formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas.

Solar System Explorer

4.4: The student will develop an understanding of the organization of the universe, and its development

4.4.1: understands stellar evolution.

H-R Diagram