PS1A: Average velocity is defined as a change in position with respect to time. Velocity includes both speed and direction.

PS1A.1: Calculate the average velocity of a moving object, given the object?s change in position and time. (v = x2-x1/ t2-t1)

Distance-Time Graphs

PS1A.2: Explain how two objects moving at the same speed can have different velocities.

Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Roller Coaster Physics

PS1B: Average acceleration is defined as a change in velocity with respect to time. Acceleration indicates a change in speed and/or a change in direction.

PS1B.1: Calculate the average acceleration of an object, given the object?s change in velocity with respect to time. (a = v2-v1/ t2-t1)

Distance-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1B.2: Explain how an object moving at constant speed can be accelerating.

Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory

PS1C: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion at constant velocity will continue at the same velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (Newton?s First Law of Motion, the Law of Inertia)

PS1C.1: Given specific scenarios, compare the motion of an object acted on by balanced forces with the motion of an object acted on by unbalanced forces.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pith Ball Lab
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1D: A net force will cause an object to accelerate or change direction. A less massive object will speed up more quickly than a more massive object subjected to the same force. (Newton?s Second Law of Motion, F=ma)

PS1D.1: Predict how objects of different masses will accelerate when subjected to the same force.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1D.2: Calculate the acceleration of an object, given the object?s mass and the net force on the object, using Newton?s Second law of Motion (F=ma).

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1E: Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, a force of equal magnitude is exerted on the first object in the opposite direction. (Newton?s Third Law of Motion)

PS1E.1: Illustrate with everyday examples that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (e.g., a person exerts the same force on the Earth as the Earth exerts on the person).

Atwood Machine
Charge Launcher
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1F: Gravitation is a universal attractive force by which objects with mass attract one another. The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. (Newton?s Law of Universal Gravitation)

PS1F.1: Predict how the gravitational force between two bodies would differ for bodies of different masses or different distances apart.

Gravitational Force
Gravity Pitch

PS1G: Electrical force is a force of nature, independent of gravity that exists between charged objects. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel.

PS1G.1: Predict whether two charged objects will attract or repel each other, and explain why.

Charge Launcher
Coulomb Force (Static)
Pith Ball Lab

PS2A: Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus of an atom takes up very little of the atom?s volume but makes up almost all of the mass. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, which are much more massive than the electrons surrounding the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, electrons are negative in charge, and neutrons have no net charge.

PS2A.1: Describe the relative charges, masses, and locations of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of an element.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Charge Launcher
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

PS2B: Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. The number and arrangement of electrons determines how the atom interacts with other atoms to form molecules and ionic arrays.

PS2B.1: Given the number and arrangement of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, predict the chemical properties of the element.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Electron Configuration
Element Builder

PS2C: When elements are listed in order according to the number of protons, repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements with similar properties. This Periodic Table is a consequence of the repeating pattern of outermost electrons.

PS2C.1: Given the number of protons, identify the element using a Periodic Table.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds
Nuclear Decay

PS2C.2: Explain the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table, including the significant relationships among elements in a given column or row.

Electron Configuration
Element Builder

PS2D: Ions are produced when atoms or molecules lose or gain electrons, thereby gaining a positive or negative electrical charge. Ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other, forming ionic bonds. Chemical formulas for ionic compounds represent the proportion of ion of each element in the ionic array.

PS2D.1: Explain how ions and ionic bonds are formed (e.g., sodium atoms lose an electron and chlorine atoms gain an electron, then the charged ions are attracted to each other and form bonds).

Ionic Bonds

PS2D.2: Explain the meaning of a chemical formula for an ionic array (e.g., NaCl).

Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Stoichiometry

PS2E: Molecular compounds are composed of two or more elements bonded together in a fixed proportion by sharing electrons between atoms, forming covalent bonds. Such compounds consist of well-defined molecules. Formulas of covalent compounds represent the types and number of atoms of each element in each molecule.

PS2E.1: Give examples to illustrate that molecules are groups of two or more atoms bonded together (e.g., a molecule of water is formed when one oxygen atom shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms).

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

PS2E.2: Explain the meaning of a chemical formula for a molecule (e.g., CH4 or H2O).

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Stoichiometry

PS2F: All forms of life are composed of large molecules that contain carbon. Carbon atoms bond to one another and other elements by sharing electrons, forming covalent bonds. Stable molecules of carbon have four covalent bonds per carbon atom.

PS2F.1: Demonstrate how carbon atoms form four covalent bonds to make large molecules. Identify the functions of these molecules (e.g., plant and animal tissue, polymers, sources of food and nutrition, fossil fuels).

Cell Structure
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants
Prairie Ecosystem

PS2G: Chemical reactions change the arrangement of atoms in the molecules of substances. Chemical reactions release or acquire energy from their surroundings and result in the formation of new substances.

PS2G.1: Describe at least three chemical reactions of particular importance to humans (e.g., burning of fossil fuels, photosynthesis, rusting of metals).

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Ionic Bonds
Photosynthesis Lab

PS2G.2: Use a chemical equation to illustrate how the atoms in molecules are arranged before and after a reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

PS2G.3: Give examples of chemical reactions that either release or acquire energy and result in the formation of new substances (e.g., burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat).

Energy Conversions

PS2J: The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom determines the isotope of the element. Radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit particles and/or radiation. Though the timing of a single nuclear decay is unpredictable, a large group of nuclei decay at a predictable rate, making it possible to estimate the age of materials that contain radioactive isotopes.

PS2J.1: Given the atomic number and atomic mass number of an isotope, students draw and label a model of the isotope?s atomic structure (number of protons, neutrons and electrons).

Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

PS2J.2: Given data from a sample, use a decay curve for a radioactive isotope to find the age of the sample. Explain how the decay curve is derived.

Half-life
Nuclear Decay

PS2K: Nuclear reactions convert matter into energy, releasing large amounts of energy compared with chemical reactions. Fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller pieces. Fusion is the joining of nuclei and is the process that generates energy in the Sun and other stars.

PS2K.1: Distinguish between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission by describing how each process transforms elements present before the reaction into elements present after the reaction.

Nuclear Decay

PS3A: Although energy can be transferred from one object to another and can be transformed from one form of energy to another form, the total energy in a closed system is constant and can neither be created nor destroyed. (Conservation of Energy)

PS3A.1: Describe a situation in which energy is transferred from one place to another and explain how energy is conserved.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics

PS3A.2: Describe a situation in which energy is transformed from one form to another and explain how energy is conserved.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

PS3B: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The kinetic energy of an object is defined by the equation: Ek = ½ mv2

PS3B.1: Calculate the kinetic energy of an object, given the object?s mass and velocity.

Air Track
Distance-Time Graphs
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

PS3C: Gravitational potential energy is due to the separation of mutually attracting masses. Transformations can occur between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, but the total amount of energy remains constant.

PS3C.1: Give an example in which gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy are changed from one to the other (e.g., a child on a swing illustrates the alternating transformation of kinetic and gravitational potential energy).

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

PS3E: Electromagnetic waves differ from physical waves because they do not require a medium and they all travel at the same speed in a vacuum. This is the maximum speed that any object or wave can travel. Forms of electromagnetic waves include X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and radio.

PS3E.1: Illustrate the electromagnetic spectrum with a labeled diagram, showing how regions of the spectrum differ regarding wavelength, frequency, and energy, and how they are used (e.g., infrared in heat lamps, microwaves for heating foods, X-rays for medical imaging).

Radiation

ES2A: Global climate differences result from the uneven heating of Earth?s surface by the Sun. Seasonal climate variations are due to the tilt of Earth?s axis with respect to the plane of Earth?s nearly circular orbit around the Sun.

ES2A.2: Explain that it?s warmer in summer and colder in winter for people in Washington State because the intensity of sunlight is greater and the days are longer in summer than in winter. Connect these seasonal changes in sunlight to the tilt of Earth?s axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun.

Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

ES2B: Climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun at and near Earth's surface. This energy transfer is influenced by dynamic processes such as cloud cover and Earth's rotation, as well as static conditions such as proximity to mountain ranges and the ocean. Human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels, also affect the global climate.

ES2B.1: Explain how the climate in the Pacific Northwest region is affected by seasonal weather patterns, as well as other factors such as the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and proximity to mountain ranges and to the ocean.

Coastal Winds and Clouds

ES2D: The earth does not have infinite resources; increasing human consumption places severe stress on the natural processes that renew some resources and it depletes those resources that cannot be renewed.

ES2D.2: Explain how human use of natural resources stress natural processes and link that use to a possible long term consequence.

Water Pollution

ES3A: Interactions among the solid Earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and organisms have resulted in the ongoing evolution of the Earth system. We can observe changes such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a human time scale, but many processes such as mountain building and plate movements take place over hundreds of millions of years.

ES3A.1: Interpret current rock formations of the Pacific Northwest as evidence of past geologic events. Consider which Earth processes that may have caused these rock formations (e.g., erosion, deposition, and scraping of terrain by glaciers, floods, volcanic eruptions, and tsunami).

Rock Cycle

ES3D: Data gathered from a variety of methods have shown that Earth has gone through a number of periods when Earth was much warmer and much colder than today.

ES3D.1: Describe factors that change climates over long periods of time and cite methods that scientists have found to gather information on ancient climates.

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Greenhouse Effect

LS1A: Carbon-containing compounds are the building blocks of life. Photosynthesis is the process that plant cells use to combine the energy of sunlight with molecules of carbon dioxide and water to produce energy-rich compounds that contain carbon (food) and release oxygen.

LS1A.1: Explain how plant cells use photosynthesis to produce their own food. Use the following equation to illustrate how plants rearrange atoms during photosynthesis: 6CO2+6H2O+light energy ?> C6H12O6+6O2

Balancing Chemical Equations
Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Chemical Equation Balancing
Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem
Stoichiometry

LS1A.2: Explain the importance of photosynthesis for both plants and animals, including humans.

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

LS1B: The gradual combustion of carbon-containing compounds within cells, called cellular respiration, provides the primary energy source of living organisms; the combustion of carbon by burning of fossil fuels provides the primary energy source for most of modern society.

LS1B.1: Explain how the process of cellular respiration is similar to the burning of fossil fuels (e.g., both processes involve combustion of carbon-containing compounds to transform chemical energy to a different form of energy).

Cell Energy Cycle
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions

LS1C: Cells contain specialized parts for determining essential functions such as regulation of cellular activities, energy capture and release, formation of proteins, waste disposal, the transfer of information, and movement.

LS1C.1: Draw, label, and describe the functions of components of essential structures within cells (e.g., cellular membrane, nucleus, chromosome, chloroplast, mitochondrion, ribosome)

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Osmosis
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab
RNA and Protein Synthesis

LS1D: The cell is surrounded by a membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside world and determines which substances may enter and which may leave the cell.

LS1D.1: Describe the structure of the cell membrane and how the membrane regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell.

Cell Structure
Osmosis
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS1E: The genetic information responsible for inherited characteristics is encoded in the DNA molecules in chromosomes. DNA is composed of four subunits (A,T,C,G). The sequence of subunits in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein. Proteins express inherited traits (e.g., eye color, hair texture) and carry out most cell function.

LS1E.1: Describe how DNA molecules are long chains linking four subunits (smaller molecules) whose sequence encodes genetic information.

DNA Fingerprint Analysis

LS1E.2: Illustrate the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins.

Human Karyotyping
RNA and Protein Synthesis

LS1F: All of the functions of the cell are based on chemical reactions. Food molecules are broken down to provide the energy and the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Breakdown and synthesis are made possible by proteins called enzymes. Some of these enzymes enable the cell to store energy in special chemicals, such as ATP, that are needed to drive the many other chemical reactions in a cell.

LS1F.1: Explain how cells break down food molecules and use the constituents to synthesize proteins, sugars, fats, DNA and many other molecules that cells require.

Cell Structure
Prairie Ecosystem

LS1F.2: Describe the role that enzymes play in the breakdown of food molecules and synthesis of the many different molecules needed for cell structure and function.

Cell Structure
Dehydration Synthesis
Osmosis
Prairie Ecosystem

LS1F.3: Explain how cells extract and store energy from food molecules.

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem

LS1G: Cells use the DNA that forms their genes to encode enzymes and other proteins that allow a cell to grow and divide to produce more cells, and respond to the environment.

LS1G.1: Explain that regulation of cell functions can occur by changing the activity of proteins within cells and/or by changing whether and how much particular genes are expressed.

Cell Structure

LS1H: Genes are carried on chromosomes. Animal cells contain two copies of each chromosome with genetic information that regulate body structure and functions. Cells divide by a process called mitosis, in which the genetic information is copied so that each new cell contains exact copies of the original chromosomes.

LS1H.1: Describe and model the process of mitosis, in which one cell divides, producing two cells, each with copies of both chromosomes from each pair in the original cell.

Cell Division
Cell Structure
Human Karyotyping
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS1I: Egg and sperm cells are formed by a process called meiosis in which each resulting cell contains only one representative chromosome from each pair found in the original cell. Recombination of genetic information during meiosis scrambles the genetic information, allowing for new genetic combinations and characteristics in the offspring. Fertilization restores the original number of chromosome pairs and reshuffles the genetic information, allowing for variation among offspring.

LS1I.1: Describe and model the process of meiosis in which egg and sperm cells are formed with only one set of chromosomes from each parent.

Cell Structure
Human Karyotyping

LS1I.3: Describe the process of fertilization that restores the original chromosome number while reshuffling the genetic information, allowing for variation among offspring.

Microevolution

LS1I.4: Predict the outcome of specific genetic crosses involving two characteristics.

Chicken Genetics

LS2A: Matter cycles and energy flows through living and nonliving components in ecosystems. The transfer of matter and energy is important for maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.

LS2A.1: Explain how plants and animals cycle carbon and nitrogen within an ecosystem.

Cell Energy Cycle
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2A.2: Explain how matter cycles and energy flows in ecosystems, resulting in the formation of differing chemical compounds and heat.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Energy Conversions
Forest Ecosystem
Ionic Bonds
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2B: Living organisms have the capacity to produce very large populations. Population density is the number of individuals of a particular population living in a given amount of space.

LS2B.1: Evaluate the conditions necessary for rapid population growth (e.g., given adequate living and nonliving resources and no disease or predators, populations of an organism increase at rapid rates).

Pond Ecosystem

LS2B.2: Given ecosystem data, calculate the population density of an organism.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2C: Population growth is limited by the availability of matter and energy found in resources, the size of the environment, and the presence of competing and/or predatory organisms.

LS2C.1: Explain factors, including matter and energy, in the environment that limit the growth of plant and animal populations in natural ecosystems.

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2E: Interrelationships of organisms may generate ecosystems that are stable for hundreds or thousands of years. Biodiversity refers to the different kinds of organisms in specific ecosystems or on the planet as a whole.

LS2E.1: Compare the biodiversity of organisms in different types of ecosystems (e.g., rain forest, grassland, desert) noting the interdependencies and interrelationships among the organisms in these different ecosystems.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Prairie Ecosystem

LS3A: Biological evolution is due to: (1) genetic variability of offspring due to mutations and genetic recombination, (2) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (3) a finite supply of resources, and (4) selection by the environment for those offspring better able to survive and produce offspring.

LS3A.1: Explain biological evolution as the consequence of the interactions of four factors: population growth, inherited variability of offspring, a finite supply of resources, and natural selection by the environment of offspring better able to survive and reproduce.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Forest Ecosystem
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Microevolution
Natural Selection
Prairie Ecosystem

LS3A.2: Predict the effect on a species if one of these factors should change.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

LS3B: Random changes in the genetic makeup of cells and organisms (mutations) can cause changes in their physical characteristics or behaviors. If the genetic mutations occur in eggs or sperm cells, the changes will be inherited by offspring. While many of these changes will be harmful, a small minority may allow the offspring to better survive and reproduce.

LS3B.1: Describe the molecular process by which organisms pass on physical and behavioral traits to offspring, as well as the environmental and genetic factors that cause minor differences (variations) in offspring or occasional ?mistakes? in the copying of genetic material that can be inherited by future generations (mutations).

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

LS3B.2: Explain how a genetic mutation may or may not allow a species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Forest Ecosystem
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Natural Selection
Prairie Ecosystem

LS3C: The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled available ecosystem niches on Earth with life forms.

LS3C.1: Explain how the millions of different species alive today are related by descent from a common ancestor.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

LS3C.2: Explain that genes in organisms that are very different (e.g., yeast, flies, and mammals) can be very similar because these organisms all share a common ancestor.

Human Karyotyping

LS3D: The fossil record and anatomical and molecular similarities observed among diverse species of living organisms provide evidence of biological evolution.

LS3D.1: Using the fossil record and anatomical and/or molecular (DNA) similarities as evidence, formulate a logical argument for biological evolution as an explanation for the development of a representative species (e.g., birds, horses, elephants, whales).

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

LS3E: Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related, reflecting their evolutionary history. Scientists infer relationships from physiological traits, genetic information, and the ability of two organisms to produce fertile offspring.

LS3E.1: Classify organisms, using similarities and differences in physical and functional characteristics.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

LS3E.2: Explain similarities and differences among closely related organisms in terms of biological evolution (e.g., ?Darwin?s finches? had different beaks due to food sources on the islands where they evolved).

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis