4.3: Waves, wind, water, and ice shape and reshape the Earth's land surface. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.3.2: Explain how the surface of the Earth changes over various time scales due to processes, such as erosion and weathering, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain building.

Rock Cycle

4.4: The properties of rocks and minerals reflect the processes that formed them. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.4.2: Describe the physical properties of minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak, and recognize that one mineral can be distinguished from another by use of a simplified key.

Mineral Identification

4.4.6: Define the three categories of rocks (metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary) based on how they are formed from older rocks.

Rock Cycle

4.5: Energy and matter have multiple forms and can be changed from one form to another. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.5.1: Explain that energy comes from the sun in the form of visible light and other radiation we cannot see without special instruments, but some of what we cannot see we can feel as heating (infrared radiation), and some can cause sunburn (ultraviolet radiation).

Energy Conversions
Radiation

4.5.3: Explain when light strikes a surface, it can be reflected, scattered, refracted, and/or absorbed.

Color Absorption
Heat Absorption

4.5.5: Recognize that heat energy can be absorbed or given off by both living and non-living things.

Conduction and Convection
Heat Absorption
Radiation

4.5.6: Explain that energy in fossil fuels comes originally from the energy of sunlight used by plants that grew long ago.

Energy Conversions

4.6: Electricity and magnetism are related phenomena that have many useful applications in everyday life. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.6.1: Recognize that some materials are electrical conductors and others are electrical insulators.

Circuit Builder

4.6.2: Demonstrate that magnets attract object made of iron and a few other substances (called magnetic materials), but they do not attract objects made of most other substances.

Magnetism

4.6.3: Investigate and describe that a magnet does not have to touch an object made of magnetic material in order to exert a force on it.

Magnetism

4.6.4: Describe that magnets have poles; unlike poles of two magnets attract each other while like poles repel.

Magnetism

4.6.5: Explain how an electrically charged object does not have to touch another object in order to exert a force - called the electrostatic force - on it.

Charge Launcher

4.6.6: Recognize there are two types of electric charge: positive and negative.

Charge Launcher

4.6.7: Explain that if two electrically charged objects are near each other, each will exert an attractive or repulsive force on the other. Describe that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.

Charge Launcher

4.6.9: Explain that the electric current can flow only if there is a complete close loop of conducting material (called a circuit) for it to flow through. Know a switch is a device for opening and closing a circuit.

Circuit Builder

4.6.10: Explain how electrical energy can be used to produce light, heat energy, motion (kinetic energy), or sound energy.

Sled Wars

4.7: All organisms need energy and matter to live and grow. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.7.3: Describe how energy derived from the sun is used by green plants to produce chemical energy in the form of sugars (photosynthesis), and this energy is transferred along a food chain from producers (plants) to consumers to decomposers.

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

4.8: Humans have a variety of mechanisms to combat disease. As a basis for understanding this concept, students:

4.8.1: Describe that human beings have body systems very similar to those of other animals, especially other mammals (warm-blooded vertebrate animals that have, in the female, milk-secreting organs for feeding the young).

Circulatory System